The UK's All Party Parliamentary Group on Microfinance recently celebrated 10 years' of raising awareness of microfinance and the role it can play in reducing poverty. At an event, hosted by CARE International, Dr Ajaz Khan (lendwithcare.org's Microfinance Advisor) reflected on the last 10 years and made some suggestions for the future.
Since the All Party Parliamentary Microfinance Group was started 10 years ago, although I am sure the link is coincidental, microfinance has become much more widespread and received increasing recognition – the United Nations proclaimed 2005 as the year of microcredit, one of the pioneers of modern microfinance Muhammad Yunus and Grameen won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and perhaps the ultimate accolade of all, as my children pointed out, in 2010 microfinance was featured on an episode of The Simpsons. As it has grown though, microfinance has also come under increasing scrutiny and its benefits questioned. We have had much cause for reflection and, for those of us that come to microfinance from a development background, some soul searching as well. What have we learned from our accumulated experiences and what needs to be done to make microfinance more effective? To begin with, I think there is a lot of agreement on some of the main issues:
Firstly, our experiences have shown that when poor people have access to a range of appropriate financial services – such as secure savings, fairly priced loans, insurance, money transfer, and advice and training provided by institutions possessing a strong social development mission, that is when microfinance is properly provided – poor people can and do improve their lives.
Secondly, despite the fact that microfinance has grown so much (it is now a $7 billion dollar a year business), only a small fraction of the world’s poor have access to financial services - more the 2.5 billion people in developing countries still face financial exclusion. In most low-income countries more than two-thirds of the population have no access to formal financial services, and financial exclusion is highest among the world’s poorest, that is those living on less than $2 a day.
And thirdly, we know that there are limits. Simply increasing the provision of microfinance is not necessarily beneficial and in certain circumstances it might even be harmful. Therefore, given that there is now such a wide range of institutions involved in microfinance with differing objectives, methodologies and products, we need to give far more consideration to the types of microfinance we encourage and support.
Looking forward to the next 10 years, how might the All Party Parliamentary Microfinance Group and those of us who are practitioners and investors best support the development of the microfinance sector? Well, with the ultimate aim of strengthening the ability of microfinance to improve poor people’s lives, might I be bold enough to suggest that there are several areas that merit our collective attention:
- Firstly, for far too long we have equated microfinance with microcredit. We need to encourage a greater focus on other financial services. Indeed, arguably for the very poorest people, basic savings accounts and simple insurance services are generally of far more importance than access to credit. Unless we provide a range of services, we cannot claim to be promoting microfinance in any meaningful sense.
- Secondly, we need to encourage more effective regulation of the microfinance sector. This includes both direct microfinance providers (that is the institutions entrusted with providing loans and taking people’s savings) and also, although it is not often mentioned, microfinance investors – and I refer here to the large microfinance investment funds. Of course, what effective regulation looks like, particularly in countries where state capacity and legal enforcement is often difficult, is less clear, but it could start with very simple steps such as supporting the establishment of credit bureaus to help reduce cases of over-indebtedness.
- Since clients of microfinance tend to be from the most marginalized and vulnerable sectors of the population, it is absolutely imperative that we encourage the design and importantly enforcement of consumer protection policies to safeguard and protect poor people’s money. Initiatives such as the SMART Campaign’s Client Protection Principles are, of course, very welcome. However, the difficulty is not convincing microfinance providers to sign up to such initiatives but ensuring that they actually comply.
- We also need to invest in and expand access to financial literacy. Perhaps we should even support the inclusion of financial education on the national curriculum as has happened in secondary schools in Peru. Perhaps we should also support the production of short films that are shown to potential clients making them aware of the potential pitfalls of microfinance as has very belatedly happened in India. I think with greater financial literacy some of the worrying instances of client over-indebtedness and taking out too many loans for consumption purposes might even have been avoided. More generally, perhaps there should be a movement back to accompanying financial services with a range of training and advice.
- Having spent my career working directly with dozens of microfinance institutions throughout the world, in practice one of their greatest challenges remains strengthening their human and institutional capacities. Even the most well thought out policies and procedures ultimately depend upon the qualifications, ability and experience of people entrusted to carry them out. Capacity building is absolutely critical, yet it is often not commercially viable, investors should, therefore, be open to providing grants to support the process.
- In many ways, this is an exciting time to be involved in microfinance because technological innovations, such as mobile banking, are reducing the costs of providing financial services to the poor – particularly for those people that are geographically isolated. We should encourage innovation. On a trip to the Philippines last month I was amazed to see borrowers on outlying islands making repayments and even buying things in local shops using their mobile phones.
- Finally, we should encourage better reporting and research into how exactly and to what extent microfinance impacts upon poor people’s lives. We should not assume anything. Not only will this encourage further investment and support, but will demonstrate which institutions and which interventions work best and this in turn would allows us to take more considered investment and policy decisions.
How might we best achieve all this? Well, I think it would be a significant step forward if promoting financial inclusion formed part of the new Millennium Development Goals from 2015 (perhaps a timely reminder since our government is, perhaps even at this very moment, discussing what these goals will look like). Why should financial inclusion rank so highly? Well because the people who make most use of microfinance are small businesses. Small businesses account for almost half of all employment in developing countries, and their growth and development is absolutely vital both to creating jobs and to increasing economic prosperity.
Of course it is extremely important that microfinance reaches more poor people around the world. For it to work best though, it has to be the right sort of microfinance. And in this regard the work of the All Parliamentary Group on microfinance, and in our own humble way, each of us present here, is extremely important in steering the development of microfinance in the right direction.
By Dr Ajaz Ahmed Khan, Microfinance Advisor at lendwithcare.org
